For More 12th Study Materials
BRITISH ENGLISH – AMERICAN ENGLISH
- Accelerator – Gas pedal
- Accommodation – Accommodations
- Advertisement – Notice
- Aerial – Antenna
- Aerofoil – Airfoil
- Aeroplane – Airplane
- Aluminium – Aluminum
- Angry – Mad
- Anticlockwise – Counter clockwise
- Appetizer – Starter
- Autumn – Fall
- Bank holiday – Legal holiday
- Barrister / solicitor – Lawyer / attorney
- Beet root – Beet(s)
- Bill – Check
- Biscuit – Cookie
- Biscuits – Cookies
- Blind – Window Shade
- Bonnet – Hood
- Boot – Trunk
- Braces – Suspenders
- Brackets – Paranthesis
- Calibre – Caliber
- Car park – Parking lot
- Caravan – Trailer
- Caretaker – Janitor
- Carpet – Rug
- Catalogue – Catalog
- Centre – Center
- Chemist – Druggist
- Chemist’s shop – Drugstore / pharmacy
- Cheque – Check
- Chips – French Fries
- Cloakroom – checkroom / coat room
- Colour – Color
- Cooker – Stove
- Corn flour – Cornstarch
- Cosy – Cozy
- Cot – Crib
- Courgette – Zucchini
- Crisps – Chips
- Crocodile – alligator
- Cross roads – Intersection
- Cupboard – Closet
- Current account – Checking account
- Curriculum vitae – Resume
- Curtains – Drapes
- Cutting – Clipping
- Diversion – Detour
EUPHEMISTIC EXPRESSIONS / POLITE ALTRENATIVES (1 MARK)
- Abortion – pregnancy termination
- Accidental death – collateral damage
- Bald – moon landing
- Barber – hair dresser
- Blind – visually impaired
- Boys toilet – the little boys’ room
- Buttocks – bottom
- Cheap – economical
- Cheating – professional foul
- Crazy – a few sandwiches short of a picnic
- Deaf – hearing impaired / aurally challenged
- Death penalty – capital punishment
- Died – passed away / kicked the bucket / croaked
- Dumb – orally challenged
- Euthanize – put to sleep
- Fart – pass wind
- Fat – big-boned / full-figured / horizontally-challenged
- Female toilet – the ladies’ room
- Genocide – ethnic cleansing
- Handicapped – physically challenged / differently-abled
- Homeless – on the streets
- House wife – home maker
- Idiot – intellectually challenged
- Jail – correctional facility
- Killed – whacked / wearing cement shoes
- Late – chronologically challenged
- Liar – economical with the truth
- Maid – domestic engineer
- Military attack – armed intervention
- Old person – senior citizen
- Poor – working class / economically disadvantaged
- Prison camp – relocation center
- Retarded – mentally challenged
- Shoplifting – five-finger discount
- Short – vertically challenged
- Stupid – academically challenged
- Surcharge – convenience fee
- Thin – slender
- Toilet – restroom / washroom
- Ugly – aesthetically challenged
- Unemployed – between jobs
- Unwanted call – courtesy call
- Used car – previously enjoyed car
- Vomit – blow chunk
- Broke – negative cash flow
- Got fired – taking an early retirement
- Flatulence – fired a shot
- Toupee – bad rug
- Assignment – homework
- Pregnant – expecting
- Dismissed – let you go
- Draught – Draft
- Drink driving – Drunk driving
- Drink driving – Drunk driving
- Dummy – Pacifier
- Dustbin – Trash can / Garbage can
- Duvet – Comforter
- Dynamo – generator
- Earth wire – Ground wire
- Engaged – Busy
- Enquiry – Inquiry
- Expiry date – Expiration date
- Fancy dress – Constumes
- Father Christmas – Santa Claus
- Favourite – Favorite
- Fellow – Guy
- Fever – Sick
- Fill in – Fill out
- Film / Cinema – Movie
- Fire brigade – Fire department
- First floor – S
- Flannel – Washcloth
- Flat – Apartment
- Flavour – Flavor
- Flyover – Overpass
- Foot ball – Soccer
- Foot way – Side walk
- Fortnight – Two weeks
- Fringe – Bangs
- Full stop – Period
- Garden – Yard / Lawn
- Goods train – Freight train
- Goods – Freight
- Grill – Broil
- Ground floor – First floor
- Hairslide – Barrette
- Hand bag – coin purse
- Harbour – Harbor
- Headmaster – Principal
- Hire – Rent
- Holiday – Vacation
- Homely – Homey
- Hoover – Vaccum cleaner
- Humour – Humor
- Indicator – Side signal / Turn signal
- Interval – Intermission
- Inverted commas – Quotation Marks
- Jam – Jelly
- Jewellery – Jewelery
- Jug – Pitcher
- Jumper – Sweater
- Junior school – Elementary school
- Kennel – Dog house
- Kilometre – Kilometer
- Ladybird – Ladybug
- Lift – Elevator / Escalator
- Litre – Liter
- Lolly – Lollipop
- Lorry – Truck
- Mackintosh – Raincoat
- Maize – Corn
- Managing director – CEO
- Match – Game
- Maths – Math
- Metre – Meter
- Mobile phone – Cell phone
- Motor bike – Motor Cycle
- Motorway – Expressway / highway
- Mum/Mummy – Mom/Mommy
- Nappy – Diaper
- Neighbour – Neighbor
- Newsreader – Newscaster
- Number plate – License plate
- Paraffin – Kerosene
- Pavement – Sidewalk
- Petrol – Gasoline
- Petrol – Gasoline
- Physiotherapy – Physical therapy
- Porridge – Oat meal
- Post box – Mail box
- Post code – Zip code
- Potato crisp – Potato chip
- Practise – Practice
- Pram – Baby carriage / stroller
- Programme – Program
- Public school – Private school
- Queue – line
- Racing car – Race car
- Rail way – Rail road
- Rise – Raise
- Rubber – Eraser
- Shop assistant – Sales clerk
- Shop – Store
- Shopping trolley – Shopping cart
- Silencer – Muffler
- Single – One way
- Single way – One way
- Skilful – Skillful
- Skipping rope – Jump rope
- Solicitor – Lawyer
- Stable – Barn
- Storm – Tempest
- Storm – Tempest
- Sweet – Candy
- Tap – Faucet
- Tea cup – Tea pot
- Terminus – depot
- Theatre – Theater
- Tick – Check mark
- Tights – Pantyhose
- Timber – Lumber
- Time table – Schedule
- Tin – Can
- Toilet – Rest room
- Torch light – Flash light
- Trousers – Pants
- Trumpet – Horn
- Tyre – Tire
- Underground – Subway
- Veranda – Porch
- Vest – Undershirt
- Waistcoat – Vest
- Wardrobe – Closet
- Wash basin – Sink
- Wind screen – Wind shield
- Witness box – Witness stand
- Zebra crossing – Cross walk
- Zed – Zee
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS (1 MARK)
- AAI – Airport Authority of India
- AIBA – Association International de Boxe Amateur
- AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- AIIMS – All India Institute of Medical Science
- AIR – All India Radio
- ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
- AR – Augmented Reality
- ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- ATM – Automated Teller Machine
- AVADI – Armed Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India
- B. Tech -Bachelor of Technology
- B.A. -Bachelor of Arts
- B.E. – Bachelor of Engineering
- B.Sc. – Bachelor of Science
- BARC – Baba Atomic Research Center
- BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation
- BC – Before Christ / Backward Class
- BEL – Bharat Electronics Limited
- BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
- BIOS – Basic Input Output System
- BPL – Below Poverty Line
- BPO – Business Process Outsourcing
- BPT – Bachelor of Physiotherapy
- BDS – Bachelor of Dental Surgery
- BOOK – Bio-Optical Organized Knowledge
- CCE – Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
- CPG – Central Pattern Generator
- BSNL – Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
- CA – Chartered Accountant
- CAD – Computer Aided Design
- CAT – Career Aptitude Test
- CCTV – Closed Circuit Television
- CD – Compact Disc
- CFC – Chloro Fluoro Carbon
- CFL – Compact Fluorescent Lamp
- CLRI – Central Leather Research Institute
- CM – Chief Minister
- CMRL – Chennai Metro Rail Limited
- CPU – Central Processing Unit
- CRPF – Central Reserve Police Force
- CRT – Cathod Ray Tube
- CRY – Child Rights and You
- CVRDE- Combat Vehicle Research and Development establishments
- DIG – Deputy Inspector General of Police
- DOS – Disk Operating System
- DTP – Desktop Publishing
- DTS – Digital Theatre Sound
- DIET – District Institute of Education and Training
- EEG – Electro Encephalo Gram
- GIRL – Growing Independent Resilient Leaders
- GPM – Green Peace Movement
- DVD – Digital Versatile Disk
- EC – Election Commission
- ECE – Economic Commission of Europe
- ECG – Electro Cardiogram
- EPF – Employees’ Provident Fund
- ERNET – Educational and Research Network
- EVM – Electronic Voting Machine
- EXNORA – Excellent Novel Radical
- EU – European Union
- FAO – Food and Agricultural Organisation
- FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions
- FERA – Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
- FIR – First Information Report
- FTP – File Transfer Protocol
- GATE – Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
- GATT – General Aggreement on Trade and Tariffs
- GDP – Gross Domestic Product
- GMAT – Graduate Management Admission Test
- GPO – General Post Office
- GPS – Global Positioning System
- GST – Goods and Service Tax
- GUI – Graphical User Interface
- HDTV – High Definition Television
- HIV – Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
- HP – Hindustan Petroleum
- HRC – Human Rights Commission
- HSC – Higher Secondary course Certificate
- HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
- HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
- HUDCO – Housing and Urban Development Corporation
- IAS – Indian Administrative Service
- IB – Intelligence Bureau
- IBRD- International bank for Reconstruction and Development
- ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organisation
- ICICI – Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
- ICC – International Cricket Council
- ICU – Intensive care Unit
- IDA – International Development Association
- IELTS – International English Language Test System
- IFC – International Finance Corporation
- IGNOU – Indira Gandhi National Open University
- IIM – Indian Institute of Management
- IIT – Indian Institute of Technology
- ILO – International Labour Organization
- IMF – International Monetary Fund
- IMO – International Maritime Organisation
- IOB – Indian Overseas Bank
- IP – Internet Protocol
- IPC – Indian Penal Code
- ISBN – International Standard Book Number
- ISD – International Subscriber Dialing
- ISI – Indian Standard Institute
- ISO – International Standard Organization
- ISP – Internet Service Provider
- ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
- ITI – Industrial Training Institutes
- ITU – International Telecommunications Union
- JEE – Joint Entrance Examination
- KPO – Knowledge Process Outsourcing
- LAN – Local Area Network
- LASER- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
- LED – Light Emitting Diode
- LIC – Life Insuarnce Corporation of India
- M.A. – Master of Arts
- M.E. – Master of Engineering
- M.Sc. – Master of Science
- MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
- MBA – Master of Business Administration
- MBBS – Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
- MHRD – Ministry of Human Resource Development
- MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
- MIGA – Multilateral Investment Guarentee Agency
- MLA – Member of Legislative Assembly
- MLC – Member of Legislative Council
- MNC – Multi National Company
- MP – Member of Parliament
- MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- MS – Master of Surgery
- NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NCC – National Cadet Corps
- NEET – National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
- NET – National Eligibility Test
- NEWS – North, East, West, South
- NGO – Non-Governmental Organization
- NLC – Neyveli Lignite Corporation
- NOC – No Objection Certificate
- NRI – Non-Resident India
- NSS – National Service Scheme
- OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- OS – Operating System
- PA – Personal Assistant
- PAN-Personal Area Network / Permanent Account Number
- PC – Personal Computer
- PDF – Portable Document Format
- PIN – Postal Index Number
- PM – Prime Minister
- POTA – Prevention of Terrorism Act
- PPP – Point-to-Point Protocol
- PS – Personal Secretary / Post Script
- PTA – Parents Teachers Association
- PWD – Public Works Department
- QUIZ – Questions Under Intellectual Zone
- RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
- RAM – Random Access Memory
- RBI – Reserve Bank of India
- RDO – Revenue Divisional Officer
- ROM – Read Only Memory
- RPF – Railway Protection Force
- RRB – Railway Recruitment Board
- RTA – Right To Education Act
- RTO – Regional Transport Officer
- SAT – Scholastic Aptitude Test
- SBI – State Bank of India
- SIM – Subscriber Identification Module
- SLET – State Level Eligibility Test
- SLV – Satellite Launch Vehicle
- SMS – Short Messaging Service
- SR – Southern Railways
- SSC – Staff Selection Commission
- SSLC – Secondary School Leaving Certificate
- STD – Subscriber Trunk Dialing
- TAFE – Tractor And Farm Equipment
- TANCET – Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test
- TANSI – Tamil Nadu Small Scale Industries
- TASMAC – Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation
- TET – Teachers Eligibility Test
- TNPSC – Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
- TRB – Teachers Recruitment Board
- UAE – United Arab Emirates
- UFO – United Fund Organization
- UGC – University Grants Commission
- UK – United Kingdom
- UNDP – United nations Development Programme
- UNESCO- United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation
- UNO – United Nations Organization
- UPO – Universal Postal code
- UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply
- UPSC – Union Public Service Commission
- URL – Uniform Resource Locator
- US/USA – United States of America
- USB – Universal Serial Bus
- VAO – Village Administrative Officer
- VAT – Value Added Tax
- VCR – Video Cassette Recorder
- VGA – Video Graphics Array
- VISCOM – Visual Communication
- VR – Virtual Reality
- WAN – Wide Area Network
- WHO – World Health Organisation
- WTC – World Trade Centre
- WTO – World Trade Organization
- WWW – World Wide Web
- BCCI – Board of Control for Cricket in India
- IQ – Intelligence Quotient
- BCE – Before Common Era
- INSV – Indian Naval Ship Vessel
LESSON-1
SYNONYMS
- Cautious – careful,alert
- Disapprove – deny,refuse
- Brisk – fast,quick
- Engaging – charming,captivating
- Humble – poor,inferior
- Eager – anxious,enthusiastic
- Resistance – fighting,struggle
- Persuade – prompt,induce
- Scarce – insufficient,deficient
- Nobility – dignity,virtue
- Shrug – raiseslightlyandmomentarily
- Slackened – reduced
- Demeanour – appearanceandbehavior
- Artless – innocent,guiltless
- Hawk – cryingoutloudly
- Deserted – uninhabited
- Emigirate – takeupcitizenship
- Vexation – annoyance
- Vestibule – lobby
- Charter – short,high-pitchedsounds
- Intrude – enterwithoutpermission
- Rubble – debris,brokenbricks
ANTONYMS
- Cautious x careless
- Disapprove x permit
- Brisk x slow
- Engaging x boring
- Humble x superior
- Eager x unenthusiastic
- Resistance x cooperation
- Persuade x discourage
- Scarce x adequate
- Nobility x dishonour
- Lesson-2
Lesson-2
SYNONYMS
- Disputes – conflicts
- Civilization – advancedstateofsocialdevelopment
- Stimulated – motivated
- Stray – loose
- Liable – responsible
- Curious – interesting
- Controversial- arguable,disputable
- Virtues – admirablequalities
- Despised – hated
- Stimulation – excitement
- Optimistic – positive,hopeful
- Cauldron – bigpot
- Rationing – restricting
- Dangling – hangingfreely
- Liable – responsible
- Mysterious – incomprehensible
- Etiquette – sociallyacceptedbehavior
ANTONYMS
- Despised x liked
- Optimistic x pessimistic
- Shallow x deep
- Arrival x departure
- Sufficient x inadequate
Lesson-3
SYNONYMS
- Profession – career
- Sorrowful – gloomy
- Decency – nobility
- Destiny – fate
- Hijacked – commandeered
- Motivation – encouragement
- Serious – severe
- Significant – important
- Consideration- carefulthought
- Prevalent – common
- Agony – suffering
- Perforated – tornordamaged
- Ennobles – dignified
- Sophisticated – welladvanced
- Mutilatingsurgery-removaloftissue
- Solace – comfortorconsolation
- Intrepid – boldandstaring
- Finale – climax
- Disfigured – spoiledormarred
- Malignant – harmfullife
- Tumour – diseasedgrowth
- Amputated – cutoffprofound-verygreat
ANTONYMS
- Rare x prevalent
- Primitive x Sophisticated
- Fiction x fact
- Fearful x intrepid
- Benign x malignant
- Diffidence x confidence
- Boredom x amusement
- Criticize x appreciate
Lesson-4
SYNONYMS
Traverse – tocrossamountainslope
- Rope – linksmembersofclimbingparty
- Cornice – overhangingmassofsnow
- Cwm-arm – chairshapedhollow
- Scrambling – climbinghurriedly
- Wriggle – movewithatwistorturn
- Tantalize – teaseortaunt
- Cramponed – climbingonice
ANTONYMS
- Narrow x broad
- Crawed. x. raced
- Dragged x pushed
- Hollow x raised
- Firm x soft
- Hoisted x dropped
- Cautiously x carelessly
- Grim x cheerful
- Sink x float
- Persisted x stopped
- Zest x boredom
- Perpetual x temporary
Lesson-5
SYNONYMS
- Unequivocally- unambiguously
- Considerable – ample,sizable
- Antiquity – ancientness
- Inscriptions – ahistoricalrecord
- Anthologies – collectionofselectedwritings
- Secular-non – religions,temporal
- Indigenous – native
- Esthetics – senseofbeauty
- Subtlety – distinction,nuance
- Profundity – solidity,sophistication
- Subaltern – subordinate,inferior
- Extensively – broadly,largely
- Universality – acceptance,prevalence
- Myriad – greatnumber
- Facet – feature,character
- Illuminated – lucid,clear
- Undergird – fundamentalsupport
- Conservative – traditional
- Touchstone – astandardorcriterion
- Fecund – fertile
- Preexisting – antecedent,former
- Offshoot – outgrowth,sprout
- Indescribably – indefinably
- Patently – clearly,undoubtedly
ANTONYMS
- Ancient/classical x modern
- Antiquity x modernity
- Conservative x modern/liberal
- Independent x dependent
- Indigenous x foreign
- Obvious x unclear
- Influence x unimportance
- Merely x greatly
Lesson-6
SYNONYMS
- Confusion – mess
- Peril – risk
- Pedestrians – walkonthestreet
- Chaos – confusion
- Anarchy – lawlessnessorrebellion
- Preserved – maintained
- Curtailed – reduced
- Tyranny – autocracy
- Insolence – rudeness
- Interfere – hinder
- Contract – commitment
- Indifferent – unconcerned
- Fancy-desire
- Shandy – lemonable
- Ridiculous – comical
- Conventional – normal
- Accommodate- fit
- Consideration– scrutiny
ANTONYMS
- Anarchy x peace,order
- Confusion x calm,clear
- Conscious x unconscious
- Anarchy x order
- Forbid x allow
- Peril x safe
- Tyranny x democracy
- Preserved x destroyed
- Liberty x slavery
- Ridiculous x serious
| 1.Linguistics | study of language |
| Numismatics | |
